Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 - 1526 )

First Sultan: Qutb-ud-din Aibak ( Slave/Mamluk Dynasty )

Last Sultan:  Ibrahim Lodi ( Lodi Dynasty )

Capitals:  Delhi (1206-1327) --> Daulatabad (1327-1327) --> Delhi (1334-1506) --> Agra (1506-1526)

The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in mediaeval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).

"Writs" Provision in Indian Constitution

Writ is a formal order in writing issued under seal by Supreme Court or High Court commanding an officer or other person to whom it is issued, to do or refrain from doing some act specified therein.

Indian Constitution empowers Supreme Court and High Court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights conferred by Part III (Article 32 - Supreme Court & Article 226 – High Court) of Indian Constitution. Thus the power to issue writs is primarily a provision made to make available the Right to Constitutional Remedies to every citizen. 

Types of Writ: 

• Habeas corpus
• Mandamus
• Prohibition
• Certiorari 
• Quo-warranto

Math Tutorial - 01: Concept of Digit Sum

What is Digit Sum?

For a given number digit sum is the sum of all its digits. If the sum is greater than 9 then its digits are again added to get the new sum until its sum lies between 1 and 9 i.e. a single digit number.

Examples:

Number	Digit Sum
34	3+4=7
123	1+2+3=6
7468	7+4+6+8=25,  2+5=7
332173	3+3+2+1+7+3=19,   1+9=10,   1+0=1
123456789	1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9=45,    4+5=9

Cubes & Cuboids

A cube is a three dimensional solid structure which has,

• 6 Faces
• 8 Vertices or corners
• 12 Edges

Now we want to cut this cube to make smaller cubes. We can do this by slicing the cube along XY, YZ and XZ planes. To get maximum number of smaller cubes with minimum number of required cuts, we should cut in equal numbers along all three axes.

Let n be the number of smaller cubes along each edge.

ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN.

The motto of ASEAN is "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"

Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

Founded by:  Bahlul Lodhi

Last Ruler: Ibrahim Lodhi

Language: Pashto (Native), Persian (Official)

Sayyid Dynasty  <--  Lodhi Dynasty  -->  Mughal Empire

Lodhi Dynasty was the last Dynasty of Delhi Saltanate. It was founded by Bahlul Lodhi in 1451 who was the Ghizlai tribe of the Afghans. There were three main rulers in the history of Lodi dynasty.

Memory Trick:   BSI  ( Botanical Survey of India)

B ---- Bahlul Lodhi

S ---- Sikandar Lodhi

I  ---- Ibrahim Lodhi

Important Foreign Visitors To India In Ancient & Medieval Times

Memory Trick:   FIFTH MAN SWAM

F ----- Fahien (Chinese Buddhist monk)

I  ----- Ibn Batuta (Moroccon traveler)

F ----- Francois Bernier (French physician)

T ----- Thomas Roe (English diplomat)

H ----- Huien Tsang (Chinese traveler)

M ----- Megasthenes (Ambassador of Selucus of Greek)

A ----- Alberuni (Persian Scholar)

N ----- Nicolo Conti (Italian merchant)

Nine Gems Of Akbar's Court

Though we are not aware of all members of Akbar's court, But atleast we know Akbar and Birbal both, because stories of Akbar and Birbal are extremely popular. There are several instances when Birbal uses his wit and intelligence to calm the ire of Emperor Akbar and amuse him at the same time.

I am taking one instance as an example,

One day Akbar asked Birbal -  Koi aisa tarika batao ki main khub khaau piyu or mera roza bhi na tute.

Birbal : Huzur logo se laate khao or gussa pee jao sab kuch tutega magar roza nahi tutega.

Based on Akbar-Birbal relationship I am gonna make a trick to remember all the nine gems of Akbar court.  Just assume, Akbar has become overweight and now his clothes do not fit. He asked Birbal for suggestion. Birbal then took him to a shopping MART and purchased new clothes for FAT Akbar. Then he clicked picture of Akbar in new clothes and put those pics on FB.

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

Founder: Babur

Last Ruler: Bahadur Shah II

Capitals: Agra -> Fatehpur Sikri -> Lahore -> Agra -> Shahjehanabad/ Delhi

Languages: Persian -> Chagatai Trukic -> Urdu

Religion: Islam -> Din-e-Ilahi -> Islam

Mughal Empire is the one of the longest running empire in India. They ruled India about 300 years. In this time India got inspired by their culture and art. There had been 20 rulers in Mughal Empire. Here I am gonna tell you trick to remember all the names of Mughal rulers. 

G-5, G-8 and G-20 Countries

G-5 Countries:

Memory Trick:        CM IBSA

C   ------------------------------------------ China
M   ------------------------------------------ Mexico
I    ------------------------------------------ India
B   ------------------------------------------ Brazil
SA ------------------------------------------ South Africa


G-8 Countries:

Memory Trick:        C FRUIt in JUG

C   ------------------------------------------ China
F   ------------------------------------------ France

Sur Dynasty (1540-1556)

Founder: Sher Shah Suri

Capital: Delhi

Language: Pashto

Religion: Sunni Islam

Afghan dynasty that ruled northern India (1540-56), founded by Sher Shah Suri (1540-45), who won great victories at Battle of Chausa (1539) and Battle of Kananj/Bilgram (1540) and drove the Mughals from Delhi.

The shah’s personal name was Farid Khan, the title of Sher (“Tiger”) was conferred when, as a young man, he killed a tiger. Sher Shah ruled the whole of north India for five years, annexing Malwa and defeating the Rajputs. He reorganized the administration, laying foundations on which the Mughal emperor Akbar later built. He was killed by a cannonball while besieging the fortress of Kalinjar in central India.

Buddha & Places Associated With Him

• LUMBINI -------------- BIRTH
• BODHGAYA -----------ENLIGHTENMENT
• SARNATH ------------ FIRST SERMON
• KUSHINAGAR -------- DEATH

Memory Trick:     L      B      S      K

L = Lord
B = Buddha
S = Siddhartha (Buddha's childhood name)
K = King

Eight Fold Path Of Buddhism

1).    Right Effort
2).    Right View
3).    Right Intention 
4).    Right Livelihood
5).    Right Speech
6).    Right Concentration   
7).    Right Action
8).    Right Mindfulness

Memory Trick:     EVIL SCAM

How To Remember:

OPEC

OPEC is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers.It was founded in Baghdad, Iraq, with the signing of an agreement in September 1960 by five countries namely Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. They were to become the Founder Members of the Organization.
These countries were later joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975) and Angola (2007). 

SAARC Countries

The South Asian Association  for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) comprises eight member states and 9 observers. Member states are - Afganistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It was established on 8 December 1985. SAARC is a manifestation of the determination of the people of the South Asia to work together in a sprit of friendship, trust and undertstanding and to create an order based on mutual respect, equality and shared benefits. 

Memory Trick        MBBS PAIN

M ------------------------------------------ Maldives
B  ------------------------------------------ Bangladesh
B  ------------------------------------------ Bhutan
S  ------------------------------------------ Sri Lanka